- Add quotation marks around the quote
- Include surname(s) of author(s), year of publication and page number
In short, “for the nearly twenty years that Bismarck led Germany, he practiced the Realpolitik he had preached with such moderation and subtlety that the balance of power never broke down” (Kissinger, 1994, p. 146).
OR
Kissinger (1994) concludes, “for the nearly twenty years that Bismarck led Germany, he practiced the Realpolitik he had preached with such moderation and subtlety that the balance of power never broke down” (p. 146).
For quote of 40 words or more
- Indent the entire quotation (about a half inch)
- Double-space
- No quotation marks
Michael Sullivan (2008) highlighted the characteristics of Tang ceramics, which are precious to curators and art historians today:
That most of the Tang wares we enjoy today were made neither for the collector's pleasure nor even for domestic use but simply as cheap grave goods probably account for their unsophisticated charm and vigor. These qualities are most apparent in the great numbers of figurines placed in the tombs, which gave a vivid picture of daily life in Tang times. They vary in size from animals and toys a few inches high to gigantic horses, Bactrian camels, armed men, and fantastic squatting guardian creatures popularly called qutou or bixie. (p. 158)
- No quotation marks
- Adding page number after the message is OPTIONAL
In short, by practicing the Realpolitik with moderation and subtlety during his nearly twenty-year reign, Otto von Bismarck had been able to maintain the balance of power among Germany and other European states (Kissinger, 1994).
OR
As Kissinger (1994) concludes, Otto von Bismarck, who had practiced the Realpolitik with moderation and subtlety during his nearly twenty-year reign, had been able to maintain the balance of power among Germany and other European states (p. 146).
There are specific in-text citation rules for works written by multiple authors. When citing, make sure you follow the details in red below:
| No. of Authors | First Citation (Narrative) |
Subsequent Citations (Narrative) | First Citation (Parenthetical) |
Subsequent Citations (Parenthetical) |
| 2 | Chu and Silva (2016) | Chu and Silva (2016) | (Chu & Silva, 2016) | (Chu & Silva, 2016) |
| 3-5 | Maguire, Pérez, Tudor, Lee, and Chan (2012) | Maguire et al. (2012) | (Maguire, Pérez, Tudor, Lee, & Chan, 2012) | (Maguire et al., 2012) |
| 6 or more | Muller et al. (2009) | Muller et al. (2009) | Muller et al. (2009) | Muller et al. (2009) |
2 or more works by different authors
......symbolic significance (Schneider, 1999; Romanov & Savoy, 2010).
2 or more works with the same author and same publication date
......Roman architecture (Beard, 2008a, 2008b).
If you need to cite one’s work mentioned in another author’s work, it is better for you to read and cite the original work. However, if it is not possible, you could cite the secondary source in the text as follows:
In the reference list, provide the reference of the secondary source (i.e. work of Henderson and Berla) only.
*Secondary sources should only be used sparingly as you are encouraged to read through the original work.
Wong Fillmore's work (as cited in Henderson & Berla, 1996) suggested that children from mainstream and Chinese-American families earn higher grades and…
In the reference list, provide the reference of the secondary source (i.e. work of Henderson and Berla) only.
*Secondary sources should only be used sparingly as you are encouraged to read through the original work.
The purpose of a reference list is to provide readers with the information necessary to identify and retrieve the works cited in your paper. All works cited in the text must be included in the reference list.
When compiling the reference list at the end of the text, please follow the rules below:
When compiling the reference list at the end of the text, please follow the rules below:
- Open a new page after the text for the reference list
- Arrange the reference entries in alphabetical order
- Indent the second and subsequent lines (around 0.5 inch) of the entries from the left margin
- Double-space the entire reference list
- Do not add bullet point or number for each reference entry
Single Author
Author surname, A. A. (Year). Book title (Edition). Publication Place: Publisher.
Bailey, B. (2018). Academic writing: A handbook for international students (5th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Two Authors
Author surname, A. A., & Author surname, B. B. (Year). Book title (Edition). Publication Place: Publisher.Datar, S. M., & Rajan, M. V. (2018). Horngren’s cost accounting: A managerial emphasis (16th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
Multiple Authors
Put , & before the last authorLadwig, G. B., Ackley, B. J., Makic, M. B. F., Martinez-Kratz, M. R., & Zanotti, M. (2020). Mosby’s guide to nursing diagnosis (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.
Organization as Author
Add 'Author' after the publication placeAmerican Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Two or More Works by the Same Author and with the Same Publication Date
Place the reference entry of a first
Beard, M. (2008a). Pompeii: The life of a Roman town. London, UK: Profile Books.
Beard, M. (2008b). The fires of Vesuvius: Pompeii lost and found. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.
Beard, M. (2008b). The fires of Vesuvius: Pompeii lost and found. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University.
Book Chapter
Author surname, A. A. (Year). Title of a chapter. In B. B. Editor surname & C. C. Editor surname (Eds.), Book title (pp. xx-xx). Publication Place: Publisher.
Atkinson, N. (2013). The Italian piazza: From Gothic footnote to Baroque theatre. In B. Bohn & J. M. Saslow (Eds.), A companion to Renaissance and Baroque art (pp. 561-581). Malden, MA: John Wiley & Son.
Author surname, A. A. (Year). Book title. doi: number
Leach, M. M. (2017). Counseling psychology. doi: 10.4324/9781315259178
Author surname, A. A. (Year). Book title. Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
Rubini, A. (2019). Fintech in a flash: Financial technology made easy (3rd ed.). Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/ebookviewer/
ebook/bmxlYmtfXzIwMDUxNjdfX0FO0?sid=bd0d932a-217e-4c0c-bb02-5c1bb367341f%40sdc-v-sessmgr01&vid=0&format=EB&rid=1
ebook/bmxlYmtfXzIwMDUxNjdfX0FO0?sid=bd0d932a-217e-4c0c-bb02-5c1bb367341f%40sdc-v-sessmgr01&vid=0&format=EB&rid=1
E-Book Chapter
Author surname, A. A. (Year). Title of a chapter. In B. B. Editor surname & C. C. Editory surname (Eds.), Book title (pp. xx-xx). doi: numberNicholson, N. (2015). Primal business: Evolution, kinship, and the family firm. In S. M. Colarelli & R. D. Arvey (Eds.), The biological foundations of organizational behavior (pp. 237-267). doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226127293.003.0001
*If DOI is not provided, give the URL of the e-book
Author surname, A. A., & Author surname, B. B. (Year). Article title. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), pp-pp. doi: number
Hua, N. (2015). E-commerce performance in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28(9), 2052-2079. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-05-2015-0247
Author surname, A. A., & Author surname, B. B. (Year). Article title. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), pp-pp. Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
Kache, F., & Seuring, F. (2017). Challenges and opportunities of digital information at the intersection of Big Data Analytics and supply chain management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 37(1), 10-36. Retrieved from https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing
.com/ijopm.htm
.com/ijopm.htm
*Give the URL of the journal home page if the article retrieved online does not provide a DOI
*Remove "Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx" if the journal article is in print format
*Remove "Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx" if the journal article is in print format
Organization / Government Agency as Author. (Year). Title of work (Report No. xxx [if given]). Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
Census and Statistics Department. (2019). Hong Kong energy statistics: 2018 annual report. Retrieved from https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/
B11000022018AN18B0100.pdf
B11000022018AN18B0100.pdf
Report by Author(s) from a Non-Governmental Organization
Author surname, A. A., & Author surname, B. B. (Year). Title of work (Report No. xxx [if given]). Retrieved from Name of Organization website: https://xxxxxxxxxx
Cororaton, C. B., & Corong, E. L. (2009). Philippine agricultural and food policies: Implications for poverty and income distribution (Research Report No. 161). Retrieved from International Food Policy Research Institute website: https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/
id/27703/filename/27704.pdf
id/27703/filename/27704.pdf
Reporter surname, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp. xx-xx.
Deng, I. (2019, August 13). Age of home robots just around corner. South China Morning Post, p. BIZ3.
Reporter surname, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title. Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
Constable, S. (2020, February 9). Which way to buy gold: The metal or the companies? The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com
Print Magazine Article
Author surname, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), pp-pp.
Ross, J. W., Beath, C. M., & Mocker, M. (2019, Fall). Creating digital offerings customers will buy. MIT Sloan Management Review, 61(1), 64-69.
Online Magazine Article
Author surname, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
Iansiti, M., & Lakhani, K. R. (2020, January/February). Competing in the age of AI. Harvard Business Review, 98(1). Retrieved from https://hbr.org
*For online article, give the URL of the newspaper / magazine homepage
In APA 6th ed., online documents are cited based on the content type (e.g. e-journal article, e-book, online newspaper article). However, if you encounter a document on a website that cannot be easily defined (e.g. some sort of information on a page but not a journal article), please refer to the examples below and the APA Style blog post: How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style.
Individual Author(s)
Author surname, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the page. Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
An Organizaton / A Government Agency as Author
Organization / Government Agency as Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of the page. Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
*Give the year of the webpage information if no exact date is available
Individual Author(s)
Author surname, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the page. Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
Armstrong, A. (2019, January 17). Key aspects of play in early education: Some important considerations for integrating play in early childhood learning environments. Retrieved from https://www.edutopia.org/article/key-aspects-play-early-education
An Organizaton / A Government Agency as Author
Organization / Government Agency as Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of the page. Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
Centre for Health Protection. (2018, December 7). The health effects of air pollution. Retrieved from https://www.chp.gov.hk/en/healthtopics/
content/460/3557.html
content/460/3557.html
*Give the year of the webpage information if no exact date is available
Screen name. (Year, Month Day). Title of online video [Video file]. Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
UsefulCharts. (2018, February 20). History of the alphabet [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4VNVCxi9TL8
Producer surname, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Thomas, J. (Producer), & Brown, M. (Director). (2016). The man who knew infinity [Motion picture]. Los Angeles, CA: Paramount Pictures.
Producer surname, A. A. (Producer). (Year). Title of video [Medium]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Sprecher, J. (Producer). (2006). Numbers & quantities: Speech & skill development video modeling program [DVD]. Venice, CA: TMW Media Group.
Author surname, A. A., & Author surname, B. B. (Year, Month). Title of paper. Paper presented at Title of Conference, Location.
Gavarro, A., & Hu, S. (2013, September). The acquisition of Mandarin relative clauses by preschool children. Paper presented at the 11th GALA Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition, Oldenburg, Germany.
Symposium
Contributor surname, A. A., & Contributor surname, B. B. (Year, Month). Title of contribution. In C. C. surname (Chair), Title of symposium. Symposium conducted at the meeting of Organization Name, Location.
Feil, S. (2019, April). Bright prospect evaluation: Using socioemotional learning skills to promote positive youth development and post-secondary attainment. In N. Zargarpour (Chair), Using the psychology of socioemotional learning to inform educational evaluations. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association 99th Annual Convention, Pasadena, CA.
Author surname, A. A., & Author surname, B. B. (Year). Title of paper. In C. C. Editor surname & D. D. Editor surname (Eds.), Title of published proceedings (pp. xx-xx). doi: number
Chhibber, K., Parikh, S., & Sondhi, R. (2016). Counselling in an in-patient set-up: Role in mainstream healthcare. In J. M. Montague & L. M. Tan (Eds.), Applied psychology: Proceedings of the 2015 Asian Congress of Applied Psychology (ACAP 2015) (pp. 58-77). doi: 10.1142/9789814723
398_0004
398_0004
Author surname, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation / master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation / Master’s thesis). Retrieved from https://xxxxxxxxxx
Qari, A. H. (2019). Assessing the quality of mobile apps for oral health: Content analysis and usability (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://open.bu.edu/handle/2144/37387
Author surname, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation / master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation / Master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession No. / Order No.)
Miah, A. H. S. (2018). Product-based environmental metrics for use within aerospace, defence, space and security industries (ADS) (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from EBSCO Open Dissertations database. (775B38C3C96084BF)
Please pay attention to the following special rules when citing sources in the reference list:
*For more state abbreviations, please refer to https://www.csi.cuny.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/administration/ops/2letterstabbrev.pdf
